During Operation Paperclip, the records of premier German scientists were expunged so that they could secretly work in American labs to give the U.S. a leg up over the Soviets in the Cold War.
In the immediate wake of World War II , the Allies were widely venerated for their role in stop the sovereignty of the Third Reich . But the confederative powers also made controversial decisions in secret that were keep classified for decades . Perhaps their most contentious action was the creation of Operation Paperclip , a covert intelligence project that brought over 1,600 Nazi scientists to the United States for research .
At the end of the war , the Allies scramble to roll up German intelligence and engineering science that may otherwise fall down into the hands of the Soviet Union . As an impendingCold Warthreatened to put down the firmly - won peace , the United States granted a slew of Nazi scientist immunity for their war crimes so that they could make for in their labs alternatively of in Russian ones .
Though these scientists were responsible for such milestone asApollo 11 ’s Moon landing place , was America apologise in its conclusion to pardon war criminals in exchange for a political advantage ?
Wikimedia CommonsKurt H. Debus, a former V-2 rocket scientist who became a NASA director, between U.S. President John F. Kennedy and U.S. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson.
The Osenberg List And The Depth Of Nazi Research
Despite numerous costly efforts , from theSiege of Leningradto theBattle of Stalingrad , Nazi Germany fail to beat back the U.S.S.R. as World War II wind down . As the Reich ’s resource neared depletion , Germany became despairing for a novel strategical approach against the Red Army .
Thus , in 1943 , Nazi Germanycollectedits most priceless plus — scientists , mathematicians , engineers , technicians , and 4,000 rocketeers — and stationed them all together in the Baltic harbor of Peenemünde in northerly Germany to develop a technological United States Department of Defense strategy against the Russians .
Wikimedia CommonsKurt H. Debus , a former V-2 Eruca vesicaria sativa scientist who became a NASA director , between U.S. President John F. Kennedy and U.S. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson .
FlickrPresident Truman signing the Atomic Energy Act in 1946. Meanwhile, 1,600 Nazi scientists were being recruited into the U.S.
Werner Osenberg , the drumhead of Germany’sWehrforschungsgemeinschaft(or Defense Research Association ) , was responsible for determining which scientists to recruit by creating an exhaustive , good - researched roll . Scientists had to beconsideredsympathetic to or at least compliant with Nazi ideology to be invited . Naturally , this index occur to be known as the Osenberg List .
Meanwhile , the U.S. had become increasingly more aware of the Nazis ’ covert biological weapons curriculum and , agree toAnnie Jacobsen ’s 2014 bookOperation paper clip , the discovery of these scientific efforts shocked the U.S. into action .
FlickrPresident Truman sign the Atomic Energy Act in 1946 . Meanwhile , 1,600 Nazi scientists were being recruited into the U.S.
Wikimedia CommonsA V-2 rocket test launch at Peenemünde, Germany in 1943.
“ They had no idea that Hitler had created this whole arsenal of nerve agents,”explainedJacobsen .
“ They had no idea that Hitler was ferment on a bubonic pestis weapon . That is really where Paperclip began , which was suddenly the Pentagon actualise , ‘ Wait a mo , we need these weapons for ourselves . ' ”
In 1945 , as the Allies began to regenerate territorial dominion across Europe , they also begin seize German intelligence and engineering science for themselves . Then , in March of that year , a Polish research laboratory techniciandiscoveredpieces of the Osenberg List in haste stuffed into a Bonn University potty and deliver it to U.S. intelligence .
Getty ImagesNazi scientist-turned-NASA director Kurt H. Debus (right) gives French President George Pompidou (center) a tour of Kennedy Space Center in 1970.
Establishing Operation Paperclip
At first , the United States was relate merely with catch and interrogating the scientist key on the Osenberg List in a commission send for Operation Overcast . But as the United States learn the extent of Nazi technology , this programme speedily changed .
alternatively , the States would roll up and recruit these men as well as their house to proceed their research for the American governing .
And so , on May 22 , 1945 , Allied troops invaded Peenemünde and captivate the human being who were voiceless at body of work there on the V-2 rocket , which was the world ’s first foresightful - range draw ballistic missile .
Wikimedia CommonsA V-2 rocket trial run launching at Peenemünde , Germany in 1943 .
A newfound Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency ( JIOA ) and the Office of Strategic Services ( OSS ) , which was eventually rebranded as the CIA , was responsible for for putting the programme now officially called Operation Paperclip into action . However , even though President Truman had sanctioned the labor , he had also ordered that the political platform could not recruit any documented Nazis . But when the JIOA agnise that many of the valet de chambre they want off the Osenberg List were Nazi sympathizers , they found a way to outfox the law .
The JIOA thus choose not to vet any researchers before they were brought into the U.S. and only once they had get . They also whitewashed or erased incriminating evidence from their records .
The Nazi Scientists Behind The Project
Among the scientist that were recruit under Operation Paperclip was premiere German rocket scientistWernher von Braun , who also storm prisoner of the Buchenwald density clique to work on his rocket engine program . Many of them died from overworking or starving , yet Braun would go on to become the manager of NASA ’s Marshall Space Flight Center .
Wikimedia CommonsWernher von Braun used Buchenwald concentration camp captive for hard worker British Labour Party .
“ When they were consort down in the mouth of skilful technician , Wernher von Braun himself traveled nearby to the Buchenwald absorption camp , where he bridge player - find fault slaves to work for him . ”addedJacobsen .
“ He is a great exemplar , because you question where the deal with the hellion really happened in term of his whitewashed past , ” say Jacobsen . “ The U.S. government , NASA in finical , was so complicit in hold on his yesteryear hidden . ”
To Jacobsen ’s point , Wernher von Braun was nearly awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom during the Ford brass . Only the objections of a senior advisor made Ford reconsider .
Upon arriving in the States in 1945 , von Braun worked on rocketry at the U.S. Army in Fort Bliss , Texas . There , heoversawthe debut of several V-2 mental testing escape .
Von Braun was transferred to NASA in 1960 where he helped the agency to launch its first satellites into orbit on July 20 , 1969 , as part of America ’s effort to win the distance slipstream . By this point , he had been accepted by U.S. officials as an invaluable mind and he lived out the eternal rest of his years in peace until dying of pancreatic cancer in 1977 .
While he had for certain been the most famous of the German scientist , nearly every cardinal department at the Marshall Space Flight Center was filled with former Nazi . Kurt Debus — a former SS member for Nazi Germany — start the launch web site now have sex as Kennedy Space Center .
Others , like Otto Ambros — Adolf Hitler ’s favorite pill pusher — were tried at Nuremberg for aggregated slaying and bondage , but given clemency in edict to help America ’s space exploration effort . The human was later even given a contract with the U.S. Department of Energy .
In The Wake Of Project Paperclip
Much of Operation Paperclip ’s account remains unidentified , but the most up - to - date and informative work on the topic is Annie Jacobsen ’s 2014 Word .
Throughout the latter part of the last century , journalists have attempted to uncover more about Operation Paperclip , but their postulation for documentation were often met with suit . When a few petition were in the end honored , countless documents were omit .
Many of the German researchers whose Holocaust - related barbarity were simply expunged by the JIOA after decease on to run onMK Ultra , a top - secret programme punt by the CIA whose main object was to beget a psyche - control drug to expend against the Russians .
Apologists for Operation Paperclip might claim that the JIOA only attempt to bring over benignant scientist but this is demonstrably false . In 2005 , the Interagency Working Group established by Bill Clinton ascertain in its final report to Congress that “ the notion that they [ the U.S. armed services and the CIA ] utilise only a few ‘ bad apples ’ will not stand up to the new software documentation . ”
Getty ImagesNazi scientist - turn - NASA managing director Kurt H. Debus ( right ) gives French President George Pompidou ( center ) a duty tour of Kennedy Space Center in 1970 .
The menace of the Cold War may have convert sure American powers that yield mildness to Nazi scientists was acceptable , but was Operation Paperclip actually one of the biggest blemishes in American history — or a hard decision that had to be made in the name of progress ?
After learn about Operation Paperclip , say aboutOperation Mockingbird , the CIA ’s plan to penetrate the medium . Then , learn aboutthe Nazis ’ Lebensborn programand its pursuit to breed a master race .
